8/11/2023 0 Comments Albuquerque journal rewardsAs we approach the end of the first quarter of the 21st C it seems an opportune time to review the progress in this field. These findings are leading to a new understanding of the complex systems underlying the phenomena of reward and aversion and how they interact. Since 2010 new methods that allow the selective stimulation or identification of a specific population of neurons have become available and have been applied to neurons in various parts of the putative reward and aversion systems. Some medially placed neurons that project to the medial nucleus accumbens are excited by aversive stimuli whereas more lateral neurons project to more lateral regions of the nucleus accumbens and are excited by novel rewarding stimuli and inhibited by aversive stimuli. By the end of the first decade of the 21st C, it was becoming accepted that dopamine neurons were organized in groups with different properties. This apparent paradox implied that dopamine might mediate the effect on the behavior of both reward and aversive events. However, neurobiochemical studies had shown that dopamine neurons were activated by non-rewarding stimulation, and dopamine was released into the forebrain by aversive stimulation or anxiety, as well as by rewarding events. In support of the dopamine hypothesis, there were a number of studies showing that the blockade of dopamine receptors seemed to block the rewarding effects of brain stimulation and natural rewards. Other findings were puzzling in light of the dopamine reward hypothesis. In addition, the discovery of endogenous opioid systems had shown how the effects of the opioid class of abused drugs could be incorporated into the reward system through interactions with dopamine. By the last decade of the 20th C, a fairly detailed map of the putative reward system includes the dopamine cells of the ventral tegmentum, their pathways through the hypothalamus, and their targets in the nucleus accumbens and medial prefrontal cortex. These findings triggered an intensive exploration of the relationship between brain stimulation reward and catecholamine systems which culminated in the hypothesis that dopamine might be a key reward transmitter, and in the discovery of brain stimulation reward sites in the medial prefrontal cortex. Furthermore, the visualization of catecholamine neurons showed their trajectory was similar to the mapped reward system while the pharmacology of catecholamines suggested an explanation for the reward-facilitating effects of stimulant drugs. In addition, it had been shown that brain stimulation reward was facilitated by drugs of abuse, particularly amphetamines, suggesting that the abuse potential of drugs might be based on their ability to activate the reward system. By the 1970s pathways mediating rewarding and aversive stimulation had been mapped from the upper brainstem to the basal forebrain leading to the hypothesis of a medially located aversion system and a more lateral reward system. 453 (.933 slugging), including seven homers and 38 RBIs.įrom Sandia, junior righty Zach Kmatz (11-2, 1.58 ERA, a no-hitter, plus a state quarterfinal shutout of La Cueva as highlights), who recently verbally committed to Oregon State, joins Lee as the other first-team pitcher.The mapping of brain systems of reward and aversion began in the mid-20th C with the discovery of rewarding brain stimulation by Olds and Milner and stimulation-evoked defensive behavior by Flynn. Pius with offensive productivity time and again, batting. Malachi Peña, one of our first-team outfielders, hit behind Trujillo in St. You didn’t want to miss at-bats by Trujillo, a lefty who has signed to play for the Lobos. And remember, he got off to a slow start. 597 with 12 home runs and 48 RBIs, and a slugging percentage of 1.254. Pius and 5A semifinalist Sandia each have a pair of players on the first team.įor the Sartans, fearsome first baseman/designated hitter Gene Trujillo batted. 510 with 53 hits, 49 runs and stole 10 bases.Ĭlass 4A state champion St. He was an outstanding defensive outfielder, and he also hit. Savage was sometimes the Rams’ best player. 419 with six home runs, and only struck out seven times. Boyer was steady and sure behind the plate, and also at the plate. 977 slugging percentage, plus seven home runs and 41 RBIs. Smith, a University of New Mexico signee and the only repeat first-team selection from last year, batted.
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